Beatiful Soup使用

​ 每一个网页都有一定的特殊有结构和层级关系，很多节点都用id或class作区分，所以可以借助它们的结构和属性来提取

​ 简单来说，Beautiful Soup是Python的一个HTML或XML的解析库，我们用它可以方便地从网页中提取数据。

​ 使用LXML解析器，只需在初始化Beautiful Soup时，把第二个参数改为lxml即可：

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup=BeautifulSoup('<p>Hello</p>','lxml')
print(soup.p.string)
#Hello

示例

html = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>,
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.prettify())
print(soup.title.string)

运行结果:

<html>
 <head>
  <title>
   The Dormouse's story
  </title>
 </head>
 <body>
  <p class="title" name="dromouse">
   <b>
    The Dormouse's story
   </b>
  </p>
  <p class="story">
   Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
   <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
    <!-- Elsie -->
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">
    Lacie
   </a>
   and
   <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">
    Tillie
   </a>
   ;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.
  </p>
  <p class="story">
   ...
  </p>
 </body>
</html>

The Dormouse's story

​ 首先声明变量 html，它是一个 HTML 字符串。但是需要注意的是，它并不是一个完整的 HTML 字符串，因为 body 和 html 节点都没有闭合。接着，我们将它当作第一个参数传给 BeautifulSoup 对象，该对象的第二个参数为解析器的类型（这里使用 lxml），此时就完成了 BeaufulSoup 对象的初始化。然后，将这个对象赋值给 soup 变量。

​ prettify() 方法可以把要解析的字符串以标准的缩进格式输出。

​ 然后调用 soup.title.string，这实际上是输出 HTML 中 title 节点的文本内容。所以，soup.title 可以选出 HTML 中的 title 节点，再调用 string 属性就可以得到里面的文本了。

提取信息

获取名称

可以利用 name 属性获取节点的名称。这里还是以上面的文本为例，选取 title 节点，然后调用 name 属性就可以得到节点名称：

print(soup.title.name)

运行结果:

title

获取属性

每个节点可能有多个属性，比如 id 和 class 等，选择这个节点元素后，可以调用 attrs 获取所有属性：

print(soup.p.attrs)
print(soup.p.attrs['name'])

运行结果：

{'class': ['title'], 'name': 'dromouse'}
dromouse

可以看到，attrs 的返回结果是字典形式，它把选择的节点的所有属性和属性值组合成一个字典。接下来，如果要获取 name 属性，就相当于从字典中获取某个键值，只需要用中括号加属性名就可以了。比如，要获取 name 属性，就可以通过 attrs[‘name’] 来得到。

其实这样有点烦琐，还有一种更简单的获取方式：可以不用写 attrs，直接在节点元素后面加中括号，传入属性名就可以获取属性值了。样例如下：

print(soup.p['name'])
print(soup.p['class'])

运行结果如下：

dromouse
['title']

这里需要注意的是，有的返回结果是字符串，有的返回结果是字符串组成的列表。比如，name 属性的值是唯一的，返回的结果就是单个字符串。而对于 class，一个节点元素可能有多个 class，所以返回的是列表。在实际处理过程中，我们要注意判断类型。

获取内容

可以利用 string 属性获取节点元素包含的文本内容，比如要获取第一个 p 节点的文本：

print(soup.p.string)

运行结果如下：

The Dormouse's story

这里选择到的 p 节点是第一个 p 节点，获取的文本也是第一个 p 节点里面的文本。

嵌套选择

html = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.head.title)
print(type(soup.head.title))
print(soup.head.title.string)

运行结果:

<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
<class 'bs4.element.Tag'>
The Dormouse's story

关联选择

​ 有时候不能做到一步就选到想要的节点元素，需要先选中某一个节点元素，然后以它为基准再选择它的子节点、父节点、兄弟节点等

子节点和子孙节点

​ 选取节点元素之后，如果想要获取它的直接子节点，可以调用 contents 属性

html = """
<html>
    <head>
        <title>The Dormouse's story</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <p class="story">
            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
            <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">
                <span>Elsie</span>
            </a>
            <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> 
            and
            <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>
            and they lived at the bottom of a well.
        </p>
        <p class="story">...</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.p.contents)

运行结果:

['\n            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were\n            ', <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>, '\n', <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>, ' \n            and\n            ', <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>, '\n            and they lived at the bottom of a well.\n        ']

或者调用 children 属性得到相应的结果

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.p.children)
for i, child in enumerate(soup.p.children):
    print(i, child)

结果:

<list_iterator object at 0x1064f7dd8>
0 
            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were

1 <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>
2 

3 <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>
4  
            and

5 <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>
6 
            and they lived at the bottom of a well.

要得到所有的子孙节点的话，可以调用 descendants 属性

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.p.descendants)
for i, child in enumerate(soup.p.descendants):
    print(i, child)

父节点和祖先节点

如果要获取某个节点元素的父节点，可以调用 parent 属性

html = """
<html>
    <head>
        <title>The Dormouse's story</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <p class="story">
            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
            <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">
                <span>Elsie</span>
            </a>
        </p>
        <p class="story">...</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.a.parent)

如果想获取所有的祖先节点，可以调用 parents 属性

html = """
<html>
    <body>
        <p class="story">
            <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">
                <span>Elsie</span>
            </a>
        </p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(type(soup.a.parents))
print(list(enumerate(soup.a.parents)))

兄弟节点

html = """
<html>
    <body>
        <p class="story">
            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
            <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">
                <span>Elsie</span>
            </a>
            Hello
            <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> 
            and
            <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>
            and they lived at the bottom of a well.
        </p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print('Next Sibling', soup.a.next_sibling)
print('Prev Sibling', soup.a.previous_sibling)
print('Next Siblings', list(enumerate(soup.a.next_siblings)))
print('Prev Siblings', list(enumerate(soup.a.previous_siblings)))

next_sibling 和 previous_sibling 分别获取节点的下一个和上一个兄弟元素，next_siblings 和 previous_siblings 则分别返回后面和前面的兄弟节点

方法选择器

find_all

查询所有符合条件的元素，可以给它传入一些属性或文本来得到符合条件的元素

name

查询所有 ul 节点

html='''
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.find_all(name='ul'))
print(type(soup.find_all(name='ul')[0]))

attrs

html='''
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1" name="elements">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.find_all(attrs={'id': 'list-1'}))
print(soup.find_all(attrs={'name': 'elements'}))

text

text 参数可用来匹配节点的文本，传入的形式可以是字符串，可以是正则表达式对象

import re
html='''
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-body">
        <a>Hello, this is a link</a>
        <a>Hello, this is a link, too</a>
    </div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.find_all(text=re.compile('link')))

find

find 方法返回的是单个元素，也就是第一个匹配的元素，而 find_all 返回的是所有匹配的元素组成的列表